A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs advantages of this mining method it allows for a low safety and health risk as well as improved working environment. Sublevel stoping, production drilling, economic comparison, mathematical modeling 1. Cn105822307a underhand sublevel open stoping method. Therefore, the post pillar mining method was replaced by a sublevel stoping system comprising 6 m wide and 21 m wide separated by continuous 7 m wide pillars. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and. Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stoping underground mining methods 1. The underhand sublevel open stoping method comprises the following steps. Stoping is the process of extracting the desired ore or other mineral from an underground mine, leaving behind an open space known as a stope. Sublevel caving topics characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production equipments used prof. The first full work on one of many crucial underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics in response to the normal sublevel stoping course of utilized by most mining houses, throughout which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a selected mining method, gear availability, and work strain experience. A mining method involving overhand, underhand, and shrinkage stoping. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel caving. Reliable control of the performance of rock is important. Shrinkage stoping is a shorthole mining method which is suitable for steeply dipping orebodies.
Design and operational issues for increasing sublevel cave. Underground mining machinery glossary bibliography biographical sketches summary the. In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. During the mining cycle, only 30 35% of the ore blasted is extracted being. This book presents the latest mining principles and techniques in use today. The uppermost sublevel underneath the cover is partly caved. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. Underground mining methods study guide by fransterz includes 16 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. Introduction the sublevel stoping mining method is usually applied to a relatively steeply dipping, competent ore body, surrounded by competent wall rock. Pdf sublevel stoping in an underground limestone quarry. This method has several constraints for applying on account of the characteristics of an ore body. The mining method selected is determined by the size, shape, orientation and type of orebody to be mined. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel. Ore is recovered from each sublevel in a planned sequence of primary and secondary stopes with delayed backfill in a manner to create a stress shadow to avoid high stress.
In sublevel stoping a form of open stoping, ore chutes, manway, and starting raises must be put up and one or more drifts driven on each sublevel fig. Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file. Bigholeopen stopinguses longer blast holes with larger diameter of 140165 mm. The sublevels are worked simultaneously, the lowest on a given block being farthest advanced and the subs above following one another at short intervals. The objective here is to present a design methodology applicable to sublevel open stoping, but also to then bridge the gap between theory and practice by applying said methodology to an actual design example. For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. It was developed over the years from a method originally known as short hole bench and train mining. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and wo. Ore is fragmented in the stope using ringdrilled or long parallel blast holes, and moved to the. Black diamond drilling services australia database. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. Its characteristic feature is the use of sublevels. Sublevel stoping mining methods are generally employed to extract steeply dipping tabular ore deposits characterized by relatively long strikes and having various thicknesses.
Jan 21, 2018 it is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. These increased level distances are intended to reduce overall development costs when mining sublevel cave stope areas. Mathews stability graph method is used as an analytical tool to achieve. It is an overhand mining method that relies on broken ore being left in the stope to be used as the working floor and to support the walls. Sublevel stopingunderground mining methods slideshare. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping international. Pillars are left inside the stope to support the roof. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping crc press book. Sublevel stoping sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. Another advantage is the improvement in grade due to better control of dilution, as. The method requires that the hanging wall and often the footwall be of competent rock as the stulls provide the only artificial support. The implementation of sublevel stoping mining method is an attractive and affordable alternative that can meet the objectives of increasing productivity at low cost with good safety and environment. Sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from.
Shrinkage stoping ascending method of mining advantages and disadvantages vertical crater retreat stoping introduction application developmental sequence of stopes production how cratering works. Squareset stoping also involves backfilling mine voids. Stope face with temporary support deep level gold mining, south africa 39. This volume from crc press is published next month. Effects of stoping activities on tunnel conditions in a. Cemented backfill was employed to stabilize the slender pillars and. This method usually is applied to strong ore bodies that require minimal support and are surrounded by strong country rock. Steep dipthe inclination of the footwall must exceed the angle of repose. With this method, ore is recovered in horizontal slices starting from the bottom and advancing upward. Sublevel stoping, sublevel caving, topslicing, and blockcaving require more stope preparation before ore extraction can begin. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method.
The width or size of the orebody is determined by the grade as well as the distribution of the ore. Download geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping pdf ebook. An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. Jul 04, 2017 for sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. In this method drifts are driven in the ore separated by a slice of ore two or three normal slices high. For this implementation the selection of mining method was. Primary and secondary stope extraction in cases where multiple lift sublevel stoping.
Optimal stope dimension for underground mining using sublevel stopping method is decided ensuring excavation stability. Shrinkage stoping is a mining method used for steeply dipping, narrower ore bodies with self supporting walls and ore. It sometimes is referred to as longhole or blasthole stoping. Mining continues upwards towards the surface until the orebody is depleted. Herein mining method existence of a high plunge length in the ore body is essential. As in sublevel stoping, vertical slices are removed by longhole drilling and blasting, but, as the slices are extracted, filling is carried. Kvhpm department of mining and mine surveying, royal institute of technology, stockholm, sweden received 1 november 1965 atraetthe following article contains a summary of the results obtained by theoretical calculations, model experiments and largescale. Physical work is reduced and it is easier to motivate the workforce. Introduction sublevel stoping is an underground mining method which can be applied for extraction of metalliferous orebodies by low cost rate. Cutandfill mining is one of the more popular methods used for vein deposits and has recently grown in use. Mining continues upwards towards the sur face until the orebody is depleted.
Factors which control ground behaviour such as the geometry of the openings, the influence of geological discontinuities, stress redistribution and blasting practices are discussed. Sublevel stoping method in brief sublevel stoping is one of the most useful underground mining methods in steeply dipping hardrock ore bodies. Oct 23, 2014 stope face with temporary support deep level gold mining, south africa 39. Harraz presentation sublevel stoping 3 conditions for application of the deposit.
Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping method. Harraz email protected 2014 2015 this material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. The deposits may be tabular in form, dipping at angles steeper than the angle of repose of the broken ore or flatter, if scrapers are employed for moving the ore in the ore passes, or to wide, thick ore bodies or masses. Primary and secondary stope extraction in cases where multiple lift sublevel stoping is used to mine relatively wide orebodies, a.
What is the difference between sublevel stopping and sublevel. Crown stope instability due to stress concentrations induced by changes in the. Longitudinal view of a sequence of extraction with double access. Stull stoping is a form of stoping used in hardrock mining that uses systematic or random timbering stulls placed between the foot and hanging wall of the vein. Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stopingunderground mining methods 1. Backfill practices for sublevel stoping system springerlink. The method of underhand stoping in which the ore is drawn to the level above b, fig. Minedout stopes are hydraulically backfilled with tailings, and. Ebook geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping as pdf.
It is the first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, presenting topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and. Mathematical modeling of economic comparison of drilling. This mining method is rapidly disappearing in north america because of the high cost of labor. Sublevel stoping is one of the most useful underground mining methods in steeply dipping hardrock ore bodies. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping. Sources of external dilution in underground sublevel and.
It is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. Jul 21, 2016 cutandfill mining is one of the more popular methods used for vein deposits and has recently grown in use. Ore is produced by drilling and blasting longholes, which can range from 50 mm 2 in. Generally a large scale open stoping method, it is often referred to as long hole or blast hole stoping. The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of stress of a voidspillar structure excavated by means of the sublevel stoping method in an underground limestone quarry near bergamo italy. Development sequence the diamond hill ore bodies and mine workings are in exceptionally solid unfractured rock and accordingly are amenable to low cost sublevel open stoping methods.
Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. This is done evaluating rock mass conditions during the whole mining period in order to reduce operational hazards thus ensuring continuous production. Sublevel open stoping is a highly mechanized mining method utilizing a wide range of equipment for drilling and mucking. Mining methods and method selection snu open courseware. This paper describes several sources of external dilution affecting the stope walls during underground sublevel and bench stoping. Ventillation, ground control and roof support, water control, communications, waterelectric supply, and machine maintenance. The orebody can be narrow vein such as a gold mine in the witwatersrand, the orebody can be massive similar to the olympic dam mine, south australia, or cadiaridgeway mine, new south wales. Mining in minnesota cut and fill mining method 3d animation duration. The ore body should be fairly regular in shape and welldefined. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. Shrinkage stoping may be termed a classic mining method, having been perhaps the most popular mining method for mos t of the past century. Understanding the principles of gravity flow is centrai to optimizing design and operating practices in sublevel cave mining. Sublevel stoping is used for mining mineral deposits with following characteristics.
The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and. Stoping is used when the country rock is sufficiently strong not to collapse into the stope, although in most cases artificial support is also provided the earliest forms of stoping were conducted with hand tools or by firesetting. Pdf sublevel stoping underground mining methods researchgate. Sublevel open stoping originated in the early 1900s in iron ore mines in michigan, usa. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. This method is similar to cut and fill mining with the exception that after being blasted, broken ore is left in the stope where it is used to support the surrounding rock and as a platform from which to work. The invention relates to the technical field of stoping methods and particularly relates to an underhand sublevel open stoping method. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs. Sloane presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree. Sublevel stoping generally is a largescale open stoping method. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping pdf ebook php.
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